Olbers’ Paradox Resolved for the Infinite Nonexpanding Universe

Conrad Ranzan

doi:doi:10.11648/j.ajaa.20160401.11

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Olbers’ Paradox Resolved for the Infinite Nonexpanding Universe

Conrad Ranzan

Published in American Journal of Astronomy and Astrophysics (Volume 4, Issue 1)

Received: 5 November 2015 Accepted: 16 December 2015 Published: 30 December 2015

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Abstract

The conventional argument holds that the night sky is dark because the universe is expanding and the lifespan of stars is limited. Expansion weakens the light and star deaths reduce the number of light sources. Ultimately there will be no new formation of stars. However, the conventional resolution of Olbers’ Paradox is no longer tenable. It turns out that the Universe is not expanding, the Universe is not evolving, and there is no restriction on the number of stars — the process of star formation is perpetual. With the recent publication of two revolutionary papers, one describing a simple cosmic redshift mech-anism wherein wavelength elongation occurs in both expanding space and contracting space and the other detailing the resolution of what is undisputedly the most intractable anomaly in astronomy and astrophysics, the true nature of the Universe has been revealed —our world is a steady state cellular cosmos. The real Universe does not expand; furthermore, the numbers of light sources are infinite and their average spacing density never changes (since they are perpetually being replaced). Clearly, neither of the two conventional arguments will work. The following is a new two-part resolution of the night-sky-darkness question —a natural resolution that exploits the new cosmic redshift mechanism, known as the velocity-differential shift, and a photon extinction-probability mechanism.

Published in	American Journal of Astronomy and Astrophysics (Volume 4, Issue 1)
DOI	10.11648/j.ajaa.20160401.11
Page(s)	1-14
Creative Commons	This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.
Copyright	Copyright © The Author(s), 2015. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Olbers’ Paradox, Cosmic Redshift, Photon Propagation, Cosmic Background Radiation, Gravity Cell, Dynamic Aether, Cellular Cosmology, Cosmic Structure, Gravity Domain, Big Bang, DSSU

References

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[2]	P. Tompkins, “Chap. 3 Symbols of Heresy,” in The Magic of Obelisks (Harper & Row, Publishers, Inc.; New York; 1981) p 50-51.
[3]	T. Freke and P. Gandy, “Introduction,” in The Hermetica, The Lost Wisdom of the Pharaohs (Penguin Putnam Inc., New York, 1997) p 14.
[4]	Encyclopedia Britannica, “The History of Science,” Vol. 27, 15^th Edition (Encyclopedia Britannica, Inc., Chicago, 1991) p 37.
[5]	C. Ronan, “Chap.7 From Renaissance to Scientific Revolution,” in Science: its History and Development Among the World Cultures (The Hamlyn Publishing Group Ltd, New York, 1982) p 330.
[6]	P. Tompkins, “Chap. 4 Elizabethan Wits and Wizards,” The Magic of Obelisks (Harper & Row, Publishers, Inc.; New York; 1981) p 77-78.
[7]	E. R. Harrison, “Chap. 12 Darkness at Night,” in Cosmology, the Science of the Universe (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, 1981) p 250.
[8]	E. R. Harrison, “Chap. 12 Darkness at Night,” in Cosmology, the Science of the Universe (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, 1981) p 251.
[9]	E. R. Harrison, “Chap. 12 Darkness at Night,” in Cosmology, the Science of the Universe (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, 1981) p 254.
[10]	E. R. Harrison, “Chap. 12 Darkness at Night,” in Cosmology, the Science of the Universe (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, 1981) p 263.
[11]	Encyclopedia Britannica, “Cosmological Models,” Vol. 16, 15^th Edition (Encyclopedia Britannica, Inc., Chicago, 1991) p 787.
[12]	E. R. Harrison, “Chap. 12 Darkness at Night,” in Cosmology, the Science of the Universe (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, 1981) p 255.
[13]	Allan Sandage, “Edwin Hubble 1889–1953,” The Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society of Canada Vol. 83, No. 6. 1989, (http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/diamond_jubilee/1996/sandage_hubble.html) (Retrieved March 26, 2010).
[14]	C. Ranzan, “Cosmic Redshift in the Nonexpanding Cellular Universe: Velocity-Differential Theory of Cosmic Redshift,” American Journal of Astronomy & Astrophysics (AJAA). Vol .2, No. 5, 2014, pp. 47-60. (Doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.11648/j.ajaa.20140205.11).
[15]	C. Ranzan, “The Fundamental Process of Energy –A Qualitative Unification of Energy, Mass, and Gravity, Part I”: Infinite Energy Issue #113 Jan/Feb 2014 (http://www.infinite-energy.com/iemagazine/issue113/index.html). “… Part II”: Infinite Energy Issue #114 Mar/Apr 2014 (http://www.infinite-energy.com/iemagazine/issue114/index.html) (Posted at: www.cellularuniverse.org/).
[16]	C. Ranzan, “The Processes of Gravitation –The Cause and Mechanism of Gravitation,” Journal of Modern Physics and Applications, Vol. 2014: 3 (2014). Posted at (http://www.cellularuniverse.org/G6GravityProcesses-abst&.htm).
[17]	C. Ranzan, “DSSU Validated by Redshift Theory and Structural Evidence,” Physics Essays Vol. 28, No. 4, p 455-473 (2015 Dec). (Doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.4006/0836-1398-28.4.455).
[18]	A. Einstein, Sidelights on Relativity, translated by: G. B. Jeffery and W. Perret, Methuen & Co. London, (1922) p 23.
[19]	C. Ranzan, “The Dynamic Steady State Universe,” Physics Essays Vol. 27, No. 2, pp. 286-315 (2014) (Doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.4006/0836-1398-27.2.286) (Posted at: www.cellularuniverse.org/).
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[22]	G. LeDrew, “The Real Starry Sky,” Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society of Canada, Vol. 95, No. 1 (February 2001), pp. 32–33. (http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2001JRASC..95...32L).
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[24]	A. Einstein, Sidelights on Relativity, translated by: G. B. Jeffery and W. Perret (Methuen & Co. Ltd., 36 Essex St. W. C., London, 1922) p 13 & p 19.

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APA Style

Conrad Ranzan. (2015). Olbers’ Paradox Resolved for the Infinite Nonexpanding Universe. American Journal of Astronomy and Astrophysics, 4(1), 1-14. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajaa.20160401.11

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Conrad Ranzan. Olbers’ Paradox Resolved for the Infinite Nonexpanding Universe. Am. J. Astron. Astrophys. 2015, 4(1), 1-14. doi: 10.11648/j.ajaa.20160401.11

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Conrad Ranzan. Olbers’ Paradox Resolved for the Infinite Nonexpanding Universe. Am J Astron Astrophys. 2015;4(1):1-14. doi: 10.11648/j.ajaa.20160401.11

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@article{10.11648/j.ajaa.20160401.11,
  author = {Conrad Ranzan},
  title = {Olbers’ Paradox Resolved for the Infinite Nonexpanding Universe},
  journal = {American Journal of Astronomy and Astrophysics},
  volume = {4},
  number = {1},
  pages = {1-14},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ajaa.20160401.11},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajaa.20160401.11},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ajaa.20160401.11},
  abstract = {The conventional argument holds that the night sky is dark because the universe is expanding and the lifespan of stars is limited. Expansion weakens the light and star deaths reduce the number of light sources. Ultimately there will be no new formation of stars. However, the conventional resolution of Olbers’ Paradox is no longer tenable. It turns out that the Universe is not expanding, the Universe is not evolving, and there is no restriction on the number of stars — the process of star formation is perpetual. With the recent publication of two revolutionary papers, one describing a simple cosmic redshift mech-anism wherein wavelength elongation occurs in both expanding space and contracting space and the other detailing the resolution of what is undisputedly the most intractable anomaly in astronomy and astrophysics, the true nature of the Universe has been revealed —our world is a steady state cellular cosmos. The real Universe does not expand; furthermore, the numbers of light sources are infinite and their average spacing density never changes (since they are perpetually being replaced). Clearly, neither of the two conventional arguments will work. The following is a new two-part resolution of the night-sky-darkness question —a natural resolution that exploits the new cosmic redshift mechanism, known as the velocity-differential shift, and a photon extinction-probability mechanism.},
 year = {2015}
}

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TY  - JOUR
T1  - Olbers’ Paradox Resolved for the Infinite Nonexpanding Universe
AU  - Conrad Ranzan
Y1  - 2015/12/30
PY  - 2015
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajaa.20160401.11
DO  - 10.11648/j.ajaa.20160401.11
T2  - American Journal of Astronomy and Astrophysics
JF  - American Journal of Astronomy and Astrophysics
JO  - American Journal of Astronomy and Astrophysics
SP  - 1
EP  - 14
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2376-4686
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajaa.20160401.11
AB  - The conventional argument holds that the night sky is dark because the universe is expanding and the lifespan of stars is limited. Expansion weakens the light and star deaths reduce the number of light sources. Ultimately there will be no new formation of stars. However, the conventional resolution of Olbers’ Paradox is no longer tenable. It turns out that the Universe is not expanding, the Universe is not evolving, and there is no restriction on the number of stars — the process of star formation is perpetual. With the recent publication of two revolutionary papers, one describing a simple cosmic redshift mech-anism wherein wavelength elongation occurs in both expanding space and contracting space and the other detailing the resolution of what is undisputedly the most intractable anomaly in astronomy and astrophysics, the true nature of the Universe has been revealed —our world is a steady state cellular cosmos. The real Universe does not expand; furthermore, the numbers of light sources are infinite and their average spacing density never changes (since they are perpetually being replaced). Clearly, neither of the two conventional arguments will work. The following is a new two-part resolution of the night-sky-darkness question —a natural resolution that exploits the new cosmic redshift mechanism, known as the velocity-differential shift, and a photon extinction-probability mechanism.
VL  - 4
IS  - 1
ER  -

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Author Information

Conrad Ranzan

DSSU Research, Niagara Falls, Canada

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APA Style

Conrad Ranzan. (2015). Olbers’ Paradox Resolved for the Infinite Nonexpanding Universe. American Journal of Astronomy and Astrophysics, 4(1), 1-14. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajaa.20160401.11

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ACS Style

Conrad Ranzan. Olbers’ Paradox Resolved for the Infinite Nonexpanding Universe. Am. J. Astron. Astrophys. 2015, 4(1), 1-14. doi: 10.11648/j.ajaa.20160401.11

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AMA Style

Conrad Ranzan. Olbers’ Paradox Resolved for the Infinite Nonexpanding Universe. Am J Astron Astrophys. 2015;4(1):1-14. doi: 10.11648/j.ajaa.20160401.11

Copy | Download

@article{10.11648/j.ajaa.20160401.11,
  author = {Conrad Ranzan},
  title = {Olbers’ Paradox Resolved for the Infinite Nonexpanding Universe},
  journal = {American Journal of Astronomy and Astrophysics},
  volume = {4},
  number = {1},
  pages = {1-14},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ajaa.20160401.11},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajaa.20160401.11},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ajaa.20160401.11},
  abstract = {The conventional argument holds that the night sky is dark because the universe is expanding and the lifespan of stars is limited. Expansion weakens the light and star deaths reduce the number of light sources. Ultimately there will be no new formation of stars. However, the conventional resolution of Olbers’ Paradox is no longer tenable. It turns out that the Universe is not expanding, the Universe is not evolving, and there is no restriction on the number of stars — the process of star formation is perpetual. With the recent publication of two revolutionary papers, one describing a simple cosmic redshift mech-anism wherein wavelength elongation occurs in both expanding space and contracting space and the other detailing the resolution of what is undisputedly the most intractable anomaly in astronomy and astrophysics, the true nature of the Universe has been revealed —our world is a steady state cellular cosmos. The real Universe does not expand; furthermore, the numbers of light sources are infinite and their average spacing density never changes (since they are perpetually being replaced). Clearly, neither of the two conventional arguments will work. The following is a new two-part resolution of the night-sky-darkness question —a natural resolution that exploits the new cosmic redshift mechanism, known as the velocity-differential shift, and a photon extinction-probability mechanism.},
 year = {2015}
}

Copy | Download

TY  - JOUR
T1  - Olbers’ Paradox Resolved for the Infinite Nonexpanding Universe
AU  - Conrad Ranzan
Y1  - 2015/12/30
PY  - 2015
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajaa.20160401.11
DO  - 10.11648/j.ajaa.20160401.11
T2  - American Journal of Astronomy and Astrophysics
JF  - American Journal of Astronomy and Astrophysics
JO  - American Journal of Astronomy and Astrophysics
SP  - 1
EP  - 14
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2376-4686
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajaa.20160401.11
AB  - The conventional argument holds that the night sky is dark because the universe is expanding and the lifespan of stars is limited. Expansion weakens the light and star deaths reduce the number of light sources. Ultimately there will be no new formation of stars. However, the conventional resolution of Olbers’ Paradox is no longer tenable. It turns out that the Universe is not expanding, the Universe is not evolving, and there is no restriction on the number of stars — the process of star formation is perpetual. With the recent publication of two revolutionary papers, one describing a simple cosmic redshift mech-anism wherein wavelength elongation occurs in both expanding space and contracting space and the other detailing the resolution of what is undisputedly the most intractable anomaly in astronomy and astrophysics, the true nature of the Universe has been revealed —our world is a steady state cellular cosmos. The real Universe does not expand; furthermore, the numbers of light sources are infinite and their average spacing density never changes (since they are perpetually being replaced). Clearly, neither of the two conventional arguments will work. The following is a new two-part resolution of the night-sky-darkness question —a natural resolution that exploits the new cosmic redshift mechanism, known as the velocity-differential shift, and a photon extinction-probability mechanism.
VL  - 4
IS  - 1
ER  -

Copy | Download