Monitoring and Impact Evaluation System for Arsenic Mitigation Interventions - Arsenic Contamination Areas of Pakistan

Islam-ul-Haque; Muhammad Nasir

doi:doi:10.11648/j.ijema.s.2015030301.18

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Monitoring and Impact Evaluation System for Arsenic Mitigation Interventions - Arsenic Contamination Areas of Pakistan

Islam-ul-Haque, Muhammad Nasir

Published in International Journal of Environmental Monitoring and Analysis (Volume 3, Issue 3-1)

Received: 27 March 2015 Accepted: 29 March 2015 Published: 5 May 2015

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Abstract

Drinking water arsenic contamination has emerged as a big nuisance to public health and approximately 137 million people around the world consume arsenic contaminated water, exceeding the WHO threshold of 10 μg/L. In Pakistan context, various arsenic mitigation initiatives were undertaken by different NGOs and government departments which were confined to one time measure and resultantly turned to be un-sustainable. Continuous surveillance of drinking water sources is crucial for the well being of humans for which systemised procedures for regular monitoring of the arsenic contaminated water sources has been evolved. Identifications of contaminated water sources for random and blanket arsenic testing surveys will make the monitoring & evaluation process more reliable and prudent. Grid system approach for taking water samples has been discussed and evolved which yield meaningful results. For field test validation, 10% of water samples are recommended to be tested in the laboratory by using atomic absorption spectrometer (ASS). Well thought out institutional arrangements / linkages have been evolved for achieving government buying which is necessary to make the monitoring and evaluation process sustainable. Though, the donors and NGOs have played an important role in addressing the arsenic contamination issues in many countries, including in Pakistan, yet the ultimate ownership for the success of interventions lies with the government and its line departments.

Published in	International Journal of Environmental Monitoring and Analysis (Volume 3, Issue 3-1) This article belongs to the Special Issue Ground Water Arsenic Contamination and Action Plan for Mitigation
DOI	10.11648/j.ijema.s.2015030301.18
Page(s)	67-78
Creative Commons	This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.
Copyright	Copyright © The Author(s), 2015. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Arsenic Testing Kits, Monitoring & Impact Evaluation, Water Samples

References

[1]	Allan H. Smith, 1 Elena O. Lingas, 2 & Mahfuzar Rahman3 Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 2000, 78 (9).
[2]	Islam ul Haque (2012), Socio-economic Impacts on Human Life in Arsenic Affected Area of Basti Rasul Pur, Rahim Yar Khan, Pakistan, Sustainable Agriculture Research; Vol. 1, No. 2; 2012 ISSN 1927-050X E-ISSN 1927-0518 Published by Canadian Center of Science and Education.
[3]	NAPAM (2005), National Action Plan for Arsenic Mitigation published by Ministry of Climate Change, Government of Pakistan.
[4]	Rahman A, Vahter M, Smith AH, Nermell B, Yunus M, El Arifeen S, et al. Arsenic exposure during pregnancy and size at birth: a prospective cohort study in Bangladesh. Am J Epidemiol.2009;169(3):304–312.
[5]	Tameez (2004), Arsenic an emerging 1ssue: experiences from Pakistan (30th WEDC International conference, Vietinae, Lao PDR, 2004) Toor, S. N. A. Tahir. “Study of Arsenic Concentration Levels in Pakistani Drinking.
[6]	Tomer (2015), The Luminous Water Test for Arsenic in Drinking Water, 7th World Water Forum 2015, Korea.
[7]	Unicef (2008), Evaluation of Arsenic Mitigation in Four Countries of the Greater Mekong Region Final Report – December 2008, Supported by the Australian Government, AusAID.

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APA Style

Islam-ul-Haque, Muhammad Nasir. (2015). Monitoring and Impact Evaluation System for Arsenic Mitigation Interventions - Arsenic Contamination Areas of Pakistan. International Journal of Environmental Monitoring and Analysis, 3(3-1), 67-78. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijema.s.2015030301.18

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ACS Style

Islam-ul-Haque; Muhammad Nasir. Monitoring and Impact Evaluation System for Arsenic Mitigation Interventions - Arsenic Contamination Areas of Pakistan. Int. J. Environ. Monit. Anal. 2015, 3(3-1), 67-78. doi: 10.11648/j.ijema.s.2015030301.18

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AMA Style

Islam-ul-Haque, Muhammad Nasir. Monitoring and Impact Evaluation System for Arsenic Mitigation Interventions - Arsenic Contamination Areas of Pakistan. Int J Environ Monit Anal. 2015;3(3-1):67-78. doi: 10.11648/j.ijema.s.2015030301.18

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@article{10.11648/j.ijema.s.2015030301.18,
  author = {Islam-ul-Haque and Muhammad Nasir},
  title = {Monitoring and Impact Evaluation System for Arsenic Mitigation Interventions - Arsenic Contamination Areas of Pakistan},
  journal = {International Journal of Environmental Monitoring and Analysis},
  volume = {3},
  number = {3-1},
  pages = {67-78},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ijema.s.2015030301.18},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijema.s.2015030301.18},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ijema.s.2015030301.18},
  abstract = {Drinking water arsenic contamination has emerged as a big nuisance to public health and approximately 137 million people around the world consume arsenic contaminated water, exceeding the WHO threshold of 10 μg/L. In Pakistan context, various arsenic mitigation initiatives were undertaken by different NGOs and government departments which were confined to one time measure and resultantly turned to be un-sustainable. Continuous surveillance of drinking water sources is crucial for the well being of humans for which systemised procedures for regular monitoring of the arsenic contaminated water sources has been evolved. Identifications of contaminated water sources for random and blanket arsenic testing surveys will make the monitoring & evaluation process more reliable and prudent. Grid system approach for taking water samples has been discussed and evolved which yield meaningful results. For field test validation, 10% of water samples are recommended to be tested in the laboratory by using atomic absorption spectrometer (ASS). Well thought out institutional arrangements / linkages have been evolved for achieving government buying which is necessary to make the monitoring and evaluation process sustainable. Though, the donors and NGOs have played an important role in addressing the arsenic contamination issues in many countries, including in Pakistan, yet the ultimate ownership for the success of interventions lies with the government and its line departments.},
 year = {2015}
}

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TY  - JOUR
T1  - Monitoring and Impact Evaluation System for Arsenic Mitigation Interventions - Arsenic Contamination Areas of Pakistan
AU  - Islam-ul-Haque
AU  - Muhammad Nasir
Y1  - 2015/05/05
PY  - 2015
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijema.s.2015030301.18
DO  - 10.11648/j.ijema.s.2015030301.18
T2  - International Journal of Environmental Monitoring and Analysis
JF  - International Journal of Environmental Monitoring and Analysis
JO  - International Journal of Environmental Monitoring and Analysis
SP  - 67
EP  - 78
PB  - Science Publishing Group
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UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijema.s.2015030301.18
AB  - Drinking water arsenic contamination has emerged as a big nuisance to public health and approximately 137 million people around the world consume arsenic contaminated water, exceeding the WHO threshold of 10 μg/L. In Pakistan context, various arsenic mitigation initiatives were undertaken by different NGOs and government departments which were confined to one time measure and resultantly turned to be un-sustainable. Continuous surveillance of drinking water sources is crucial for the well being of humans for which systemised procedures for regular monitoring of the arsenic contaminated water sources has been evolved. Identifications of contaminated water sources for random and blanket arsenic testing surveys will make the monitoring & evaluation process more reliable and prudent. Grid system approach for taking water samples has been discussed and evolved which yield meaningful results. For field test validation, 10% of water samples are recommended to be tested in the laboratory by using atomic absorption spectrometer (ASS). Well thought out institutional arrangements / linkages have been evolved for achieving government buying which is necessary to make the monitoring and evaluation process sustainable. Though, the donors and NGOs have played an important role in addressing the arsenic contamination issues in many countries, including in Pakistan, yet the ultimate ownership for the success of interventions lies with the government and its line departments.
VL  - 3
IS  - 3-1
ER  -

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Author Information

Islam-ul-Haque

Eco-Logical Sustainability Through Environment Protection Services (Eco-STEPS), Inc, Islamabad, Pakistan
Muhammad Nasir

Plan Pakistan International, Islamabad, Pakistan

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Plain Text BibTeX RIS

APA Style

Islam-ul-Haque, Muhammad Nasir. (2015). Monitoring and Impact Evaluation System for Arsenic Mitigation Interventions - Arsenic Contamination Areas of Pakistan. International Journal of Environmental Monitoring and Analysis, 3(3-1), 67-78. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijema.s.2015030301.18

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ACS Style

Islam-ul-Haque; Muhammad Nasir. Monitoring and Impact Evaluation System for Arsenic Mitigation Interventions - Arsenic Contamination Areas of Pakistan. Int. J. Environ. Monit. Anal. 2015, 3(3-1), 67-78. doi: 10.11648/j.ijema.s.2015030301.18

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AMA Style

Islam-ul-Haque, Muhammad Nasir. Monitoring and Impact Evaluation System for Arsenic Mitigation Interventions - Arsenic Contamination Areas of Pakistan. Int J Environ Monit Anal. 2015;3(3-1):67-78. doi: 10.11648/j.ijema.s.2015030301.18

Copy | Download

@article{10.11648/j.ijema.s.2015030301.18,
  author = {Islam-ul-Haque and Muhammad Nasir},
  title = {Monitoring and Impact Evaluation System for Arsenic Mitigation Interventions - Arsenic Contamination Areas of Pakistan},
  journal = {International Journal of Environmental Monitoring and Analysis},
  volume = {3},
  number = {3-1},
  pages = {67-78},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ijema.s.2015030301.18},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijema.s.2015030301.18},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ijema.s.2015030301.18},
  abstract = {Drinking water arsenic contamination has emerged as a big nuisance to public health and approximately 137 million people around the world consume arsenic contaminated water, exceeding the WHO threshold of 10 μg/L. In Pakistan context, various arsenic mitigation initiatives were undertaken by different NGOs and government departments which were confined to one time measure and resultantly turned to be un-sustainable. Continuous surveillance of drinking water sources is crucial for the well being of humans for which systemised procedures for regular monitoring of the arsenic contaminated water sources has been evolved. Identifications of contaminated water sources for random and blanket arsenic testing surveys will make the monitoring & evaluation process more reliable and prudent. Grid system approach for taking water samples has been discussed and evolved which yield meaningful results. For field test validation, 10% of water samples are recommended to be tested in the laboratory by using atomic absorption spectrometer (ASS). Well thought out institutional arrangements / linkages have been evolved for achieving government buying which is necessary to make the monitoring and evaluation process sustainable. Though, the donors and NGOs have played an important role in addressing the arsenic contamination issues in many countries, including in Pakistan, yet the ultimate ownership for the success of interventions lies with the government and its line departments.},
 year = {2015}
}

Copy | Download

TY  - JOUR
T1  - Monitoring and Impact Evaluation System for Arsenic Mitigation Interventions - Arsenic Contamination Areas of Pakistan
AU  - Islam-ul-Haque
AU  - Muhammad Nasir
Y1  - 2015/05/05
PY  - 2015
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijema.s.2015030301.18
DO  - 10.11648/j.ijema.s.2015030301.18
T2  - International Journal of Environmental Monitoring and Analysis
JF  - International Journal of Environmental Monitoring and Analysis
JO  - International Journal of Environmental Monitoring and Analysis
SP  - 67
EP  - 78
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2328-7667
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijema.s.2015030301.18
AB  - Drinking water arsenic contamination has emerged as a big nuisance to public health and approximately 137 million people around the world consume arsenic contaminated water, exceeding the WHO threshold of 10 μg/L. In Pakistan context, various arsenic mitigation initiatives were undertaken by different NGOs and government departments which were confined to one time measure and resultantly turned to be un-sustainable. Continuous surveillance of drinking water sources is crucial for the well being of humans for which systemised procedures for regular monitoring of the arsenic contaminated water sources has been evolved. Identifications of contaminated water sources for random and blanket arsenic testing surveys will make the monitoring & evaluation process more reliable and prudent. Grid system approach for taking water samples has been discussed and evolved which yield meaningful results. For field test validation, 10% of water samples are recommended to be tested in the laboratory by using atomic absorption spectrometer (ASS). Well thought out institutional arrangements / linkages have been evolved for achieving government buying which is necessary to make the monitoring and evaluation process sustainable. Though, the donors and NGOs have played an important role in addressing the arsenic contamination issues in many countries, including in Pakistan, yet the ultimate ownership for the success of interventions lies with the government and its line departments.
VL  - 3
IS  - 3-1
ER  -

Copy | Download